Macrozamia spiralis - Revision history

Pacsoa: /* Affinities: */

2024-11-23T12:57:06Z

Affinities:

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:57, 23 November 2024
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	also has a degree of similarity to		also has a degree of similarity to
	''[[Macrozamia flexuosa]]'',		''[[Macrozamia flexuosa]]'',
	though it is readily distinguishable from that species by virtue of its moderately twisted fronds compared with the multi-twisted fronds of ''M. flexuosa''. Occasionally, ''M. spiralis''		though it is readily distinguishable from that species by virtue of its moderately twisted fronds compared with the multi-twisted fronds of ''M. flexuosa''.

			Occasionally, ''M. spiralis''
	plants are found with one or two fronds that have multi-twisted fronds		plants are found with one or two fronds that have multi-twisted fronds
	(typical of ''[Macrozamia flexuosa]''), but such instances are considered to be of an aberrant nature.		(typical of ''[[Macrozamia flexuosa]]''), but such instances are considered to be of an aberrant nature.
	As mentioned previously, confusion has occurred (and apparently still exists, more so outside of Australia) with the identification of ''M. spiralis''		As mentioned previously, confusion has occurred (and apparently still exists, more so outside of Australia) with the identification of ''M. spiralis''
	and		and

Pacsoa at 12:55, 23 November 2024

2024-11-23T12:55:06Z

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	The reason for this clumping tendency is somewhat intriguing, though we suspect that it is simply the result of seeds germinating and growing to maturity in close proximity to parent plants, while the reason for the scattered individual plants is partly attributable to seed dispersal by marsupial animals.		The reason for this clumping tendency is somewhat intriguing, though we suspect that it is simply the result of seeds germinating and growing to maturity in close proximity to parent plants, while the reason for the scattered individual plants is partly attributable to seed dispersal by marsupial animals.
	In very rare cases a plant will be found with multiple heads, no doubt due to damage to the upper part of the caudex. One such plant which we have seen had seven separate heads of fronds, giving the effect of a very leafy specimen (albeit with reduced sized fronds).		In very rare cases a plant will be found with multiple heads, no doubt due to damage to the upper part of the caudex. One such plant which we have seen had seven separate heads of fronds, giving the effect of a very leafy specimen (albeit with reduced sized fronds).
			</div>
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	===Climatic Data: ===		===Climatic Data: ===
	Richmond (elevation 20 metres) has an annual average rainfall of		Richmond (elevation 20 metres) has an annual average rainfall of
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	</li><li>pinkish/red callouses at the base of the pinnae		</li><li>pinkish/red callouses at the base of the pinnae
	</li><li>seeds with reddish coloured flesh.		</li><li>seeds with reddish coloured flesh.


	===Fronds: ===		===Fronds: ===
	The number of fronds per plant averages about 6-8; with some plants having as few as 2 fronds, ranging up to a maximum (that we have seen) of 17 fronds. The above ground height level of the fronds ranges from an average of approximately 60 cm to a maximum of approximately 90 cm.		The number of fronds per plant averages about 6-8; with some plants having as few as 2 fronds, ranging up to a maximum (that we have seen) of 17 fronds. The above ground height level of the fronds ranges from an average of approximately 60 cm to a maximum of approximately 90 cm.
	This cycad (along with most other Section Parazamia species) produces new fronds irregularly in the wild, except after a bushfire, when most plants produce new fronds.		This cycad (along with most other Section Parazamia species) produces new fronds irregularly in the wild, except after a bushfire, when most plants produce new fronds.
	At the stand near Richmond, new fronds are normally a distinctive blue-grey colour with vivid pinkish-red callouses where the pinnae join the rhachis. Very rarely, new fronds with an albino-like golden-bronze colour are produced.		At the stand near Richmond, new fronds are normally a distinctive blue-grey colour with vivid pinkish-red callouses where the pinnae join the rhachis. Very rarely, new fronds with an albino-like golden-bronze colour are produced.

	Over time, however, the frond colour changes from blue/grey to green; and, likewise, the callouses also undergo a colour transformation and change from pinkish-red to a yellowish or creamy-white colour.		Over time, however, the frond colour changes from blue/grey to green; and, likewise, the callouses also undergo a colour transformation and change from pinkish-red to a yellowish or creamy-white colour.
	Plants in this habitat location are extremely attractive when new fronds are produced; though they become less attractive as the frond colour changes with the passage of time and, also, as a consequence of deterioration in the condition of the fronds that sometimes occurs because of damage caused by leaf-rolling insects.		Plants in this habitat location are extremely attractive when new fronds are produced; though they become less attractive as the frond colour changes with the passage of time and, also, as a consequence of deterioration in the condition of the fronds that sometimes occurs because of damage caused by leaf-rolling insects.
	In other locations, the frond colour varies, in adult plants, from grey-green to dark green.		In other locations, the frond colour varies, in adult plants, from grey-green to dark green.


	===Cones: ===		===Cones: ===
	Female cones are usually solitary, though plants with 2 cones are not uncommon. Male cones range from 1 to 4 per plant.		Female cones are usually solitary, though plants with 2 cones are not uncommon. Male cones range from 1 to 4 per plant.
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	On an affinity basis, ''M. spiralis''		On an affinity basis, ''M. spiralis''
	is closely related to		is closely related to
	''[Macrozamia elegans]'',		''[[Macrozamia elegans]]'',
	a new species named in 1998 by Ken Hill and David Jones.		a new species named in 1998 by Ken Hill and David Jones.
	''M. elegans'' (which was previously known in Sydney botanical circles as robust ''M. spiralis''		''M. elegans'' (which was previously known in Sydney botanical circles as robust ''M. spiralis''
	) has typical ''M. spiralis'' features, such as moderately spirally twisted fronds and reddish callouses at the base of the pinnae, but has much larger and more numerous fronds/pinnae and larger cones and seeds.		) has typical ''M. spiralis'' features, such as moderately spirally twisted fronds and reddish callouses at the base of the pinnae, but has much larger and more numerous fronds/pinnae and larger cones and seeds.
	There is also a variation in the pinnae tips between ''[Macrozamia elegans]'',		There is also a variation in the pinnae tips between ''[[Macrozamia elegans]]'',
	and ''M. spiralis''		and ''M. spiralis''
	insofar as		insofar as
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	''M. spiralis''		''M. spiralis''
	also has a degree of similarity to		also has a degree of similarity to
	''[Macrozamia flexuosa]'',		''[[Macrozamia flexuosa]]'',
	though it is readily distinguishable from that species by virtue of its moderately twisted fronds compared with the multi-twisted fronds of ''M. flexuosa''. Occasionally, ''M. spiralis''		though it is readily distinguishable from that species by virtue of its moderately twisted fronds compared with the multi-twisted fronds of ''M. flexuosa''. Occasionally, ''M. spiralis''
	plants are found with one or two fronds that have multi-twisted fronds		plants are found with one or two fronds that have multi-twisted fronds
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	As mentioned previously, confusion has occurred (and apparently still exists, more so outside of Australia) with the identification of ''M. spiralis''		As mentioned previously, confusion has occurred (and apparently still exists, more so outside of Australia) with the identification of ''M. spiralis''
	and		and
	''[Macrozamia communis]''.		''[[Macrozamia communis]]''.
	Distinguishing the two species is relatively easy, purely on a size basis, as ''M. spiralis''		Distinguishing the two species is relatively easy, purely on a size basis, as ''M. spiralis''
	is a small cycad with an average of 6-8 fronds standing up to approximately 60 cm above ground level, whereas ''M. communis''		is a small cycad with an average of 6-8 fronds standing up to approximately 60 cm above ground level, whereas ''M. communis''
	is a large cycad with up to 100+ fronds which can extend up to 2 metres above ground level (from a subterranean caudex).		is a large cycad with up to 100+ fronds which can extend up to 2 metres above ground level (from a subterranean caudex).

	~~===''M. spiralis===~~
	~~The plants here seem to be more of a grey-green colour compared those at Berkshire Park (where all the previous photos were taken).~~
	~~</div>~~
	~~</div>~~

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			===''M. spiralis'' near Mulgoa===
			The plants here seem to be more of a grey-green colour compared those at Berkshire Park (where all the previous photos were taken).

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	<p>		<p>
	[[Category:Macrozamia\|spiralis]]		[[Category:Macrozamia\|spiralis]]
	[[Category:Cycad\|Macrozamia_spiralis]]		[[Category:Cycad\|Macrozamia_spiralis]]

Pacsoa: 1 revision imported

2024-11-23T12:07:55Z

1 revision imported

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:07, 23 November 2024
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P>Pacsoa at 22:16, 1 October 2024

2024-10-01T22:16:10Z

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{{PalmSpeciesHeader}}
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis11.jpg|frame|Figure 1. ''M. spiralis''- profile of frond in habitat.]]
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===Introduction: ===
''Macrozamia spiralis''
is a small (Section ''Parazamia'') cycad that is endemic to New South Wales. It has a subterranean caudex and fronds that normally have a moderate spiral twist.

===History: ===
This species has been the subject of some confusion, even in Australia, as a consequence of the 1959 revision of the nomenclature of Australian Zamiaceae by the late Dr L. A. S. Johnson, when the species now known as
''<a href="../wiki/Macrozamia_communis" title="Macrozamia communis">M. communis</a>''
was created. Prior to this revision, various cycads in New South Wales (since falling under the
''M. communis''
umbrella) and, also, M. lucida in Queensland were often mis-identified as ''M. spiralis''.

===Distribution Range: ===
''M. spiralis''
has a fairly widespread distribution range extending from the outer southern, south-western and western suburbs of Greater Sydney to the lower Blue Mountains and, also, to parts of the Goulburn River Valley.

===Habitat Conditions: ===
''M. spiralis''
grows near Richmond, to the west of Sydney, in areas of flat, poor quality, sometimes sandy, soil.
''M. spiralis''
normally grows under a eucalypt canopy in a pattern of scattered individual plants or, occasionally, small clusters or large groups of plants. These small clusters of plants contain as many as 10-12 plants growing within a 2 metre radius, while the largest group of plants that we have seen contained approximately 40 plants growing in an area measuring 2.5 x 5 metres.
The reason for this clumping tendency is somewhat intriguing, though we suspect that it is simply the result of seeds germinating and growing to maturity in close proximity to parent plants, while the reason for the scattered individual plants is partly attributable to seed dispersal by marsupial animals.
In very rare cases a plant will be found with multiple heads, no doubt due to damage to the upper part of the caudex. One such plant which we have seen had seven separate heads of fronds, giving the effect of a very leafy specimen (albeit with reduced sized fronds).

===Climatic Data: ===
Richmond (elevation 20 metres) has an annual average rainfall of
799 mm (spread over 112 rain days) with winter minimum and summer maximum temperatures, reached at least once per week during July and January, of -1.7 and 34.4 ° C. respectively. Frosts occur on an average of 43 days per year.

===Rainfall Patterns: ===
One-third of the annual average rainfall at Richmond falls during summer, with the balance of the rainfall being spread fairly evenly (on a seasonal basis) over the rest of the year. The seasonal rainfall pattern is as follows: Summer: 33%, Autumn: 27%, Winter: 19% and Spring: 21%.

===Principal Characteristics: ===
The principal characteristics of ''M. spiralis''
are as follows:
moderately spirally twisted fronds

</li><li>pinnae which are angled slightly forward on the rhachis and which then rise at an angle of approximately 30 degrees to form a very broad V-shaped profile
</li><li>pinkish/red callouses at the base of the pinnae
</li><li>seeds with reddish coloured flesh.
===Fronds: ===
The number of fronds per plant averages about 6-8; with some plants having as few as 2 fronds, ranging up to a maximum (that we have seen) of 17 fronds. The above ground height level of the fronds ranges from an average of approximately 60 cm to a maximum of approximately 90 cm.
This cycad (along with most other Section Parazamia species) produces new fronds irregularly in the wild, except after a bushfire, when most plants produce new fronds.
At the stand near Richmond, new fronds are normally a distinctive blue-grey colour with vivid pinkish-red callouses where the pinnae join the rhachis. Very rarely, new fronds with an albino-like golden-bronze colour are produced.
Over time, however, the frond colour changes from blue/grey to green; and, likewise, the callouses also undergo a colour transformation and change from pinkish-red to a yellowish or creamy-white colour.
Plants in this habitat location are extremely attractive when new fronds are produced; though they become less attractive as the frond colour changes with the passage of time and, also, as a consequence of deterioration in the condition of the fronds that sometimes occurs because of damage caused by leaf-rolling insects.
In other locations, the frond colour varies, in adult plants, from grey-green to dark green.

===Cones: ===
Female cones are usually solitary, though plants with 2 cones are not uncommon. Male cones range from 1 to 4 per plant.
Coning is erratic, but seems to occur every 3-4 years; often with a large percentage of plants within the population taking part in the coning cycle. In intervening years few cones, either male or female, are produced.

===Comment: ===
This species is an extremely slow growing cycad, both in terms of juvenile plants (particularly when grown from seed in cultivation) and, also, in terms of the production of new fronds on mature plants in the wild.

===Affinities: ===
On an affinity basis, ''M. spiralis''
is closely related to
''[Macrozamia elegans]'',
a new species named in 1998 by Ken Hill and David Jones.
''M. elegans'' (which was previously known in Sydney botanical circles as robust ''M. spiralis''
) has typical ''M. spiralis'' features, such as moderately spirally twisted fronds and reddish callouses at the base of the pinnae, but has much larger and more numerous fronds/pinnae and larger cones and seeds.
There is also a variation in the pinnae tips between ''[Macrozamia elegans]'',
and ''M. spiralis''
insofar as
''M. elegans''
has typical Macrozamia pinnae with spiny tips, whereas the pinnae on
''M. spiralis''
normally have rounded non-spiny tips.
''M. spiralis''
also has a degree of similarity to
''[Macrozamia flexuosa]'',
though it is readily distinguishable from that species by virtue of its moderately twisted fronds compared with the multi-twisted fronds of ''M. flexuosa''. Occasionally, ''M. spiralis''
plants are found with one or two fronds that have multi-twisted fronds
(typical of ''[Macrozamia flexuosa]''), but such instances are considered to be of an aberrant nature.
As mentioned previously, confusion has occurred (and apparently still exists, more so outside of Australia) with the identification of ''M. spiralis''
and
''[Macrozamia communis]''.
Distinguishing the two species is relatively easy, purely on a size basis, as ''M. spiralis''
is a small cycad with an average of 6-8 fronds standing up to approximately 60 cm above ground level, whereas ''M. communis''
is a large cycad with up to 100+ fronds which can extend up to 2 metres above ground level (from a subterranean caudex).

===''M. spiralis===
The plants here seem to be more of a grey-green colour compared those at Berkshire Park (where all the previous photos were taken).
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis12.jpg|frame|Figure 2. ''M. spiralis'' - emerging albino-like golden-bronze fronds.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis03.jpg|frame|Figure 3. ''M. spiralis'' - large individual plant in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis04.jpg|frame|Figure 4. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis13.jpg|frame|Figure 5. ''M. spiralis'' with female cone.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis.jpg|frame|Figure 6. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat with new fronds (after a bushfire).]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis02.jpg|frame|Figure 7. ''M. spiralis'' - same plant (as above) several months later. Note colour change.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis05.jpg|frame|Figure 8. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat. Note symmetry compared with previous plants in previous habitat shots.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis06.jpg|frame|Figure 9. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis07.jpg|frame|Figure 10. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis08.jpg|frame|Figure 11. ''M. spiralis'' - small cluster of plants.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis09.jpg|frame|Figure 12. ''M. spiralis'' - large group of plants.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis10.jpg|frame|Figure 13. ''M. spiralis'' - small clump of plants.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis16.jpg|frame|Figure 14. ''M. spiralis'' with an aberrant ''M. flexuosa'' type frond.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis15.jpg|frame|Figure 15. Female ''M. spiralis'' with six emerging cones (plus one old cone).]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis17.jpg|frame|Figure 16. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat (possibly a number of separate plants).]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralis18.jpg|frame|Figure 17. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralisB.jpg|frame|Figure 1. ''M. spiralis'' in habitat, near Mulgoa, western Sydney.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralisB02.jpg|frame|Figure 2. ''M. spiralis'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralisB03.jpg|frame|Figure 3. ''M. spiralis'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralisB04.jpg|frame|Figure 4. ''M. spiralis'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_spiralisB05.jpg|frame|Figure 5. ''M. spiralis'']]
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===Contributed by: ===
Craig Thompson and Paul Kennedy (Figures 1-17)<br/>
Paul Kennedy (Text - from '''Palms & Cycads''' No. 52&53, Jul-Dec 1996 (Revised)).<br/>

===External Links:===
[https://www.cycadlist.org/taxon.php?Taxon_ID=423 World List],
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/41957/0 IUCN],
[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Macrozamia+spiralis JSTOR],
[https://www.trebrown.com/plant_info.php?species=Macrozamia+spiralis Trebrown]
</p>
[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Macrozamia+spiralis%22&num=10&sa=Google+Search Google],
[https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Macrozamia+spiralis%22&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search GoogleImages],
[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Macrozamia+spiralis Flickr],
<p>
[[Category:Macrozamia|spiralis]]
[[Category:Cycad|Macrozamia_spiralis]]