Ptychococcus lepidotus - Revision history

Pacsoa at 13:11, 3 September 2024

2024-09-03T13:11:10Z

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	[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus.jpg\|frame\|Figure 1.]]		[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus.jpg\|frame\|Figure 1. ''Ptychococcus lepidotus'']]
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	===In from the cold?===		===In from the cold?===
	''Ptychococcus lepidotus'' grows only in the Highlands ~~ofNew~~ Guinea from an altitude range of 1000 metres up to 3000 metres! I have seen it growing in Eastern Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea right across the other Highland ~~Provincesto~~ the western most one, Enga Province. I believe it to occur also in Irian Jaya at corresponding altitudes and after speaking to travellers who have toured the Baliem Valley it seems the native people definitely have a palm like ''P. lepidotus'' in cultivation. It must have a broad range of distribution and in some areas, at lower elevations may overlap with ''P. paradoxus'', based on personal observations in Morobe Province in P.N.G. I would not say ''P. lepidotus'' is abundant in any one area that I've seen, and it is difficult to say whether or not people have been the major cause for its pattern of distribution, but I certainly suspect it so. Only once have I seen it in natural stands of primary forest in Eastern Highlands Province, adjacent to a major highway- the chances of this population staying intact would not be great. For the most part ''P. lepidotus'' has a long history of cultivation and one will often see it in people's gardens or within their village limits. In Western Highlands Province, P.N.G. I've noticed nowadays more and more are planted in 'pies matmat' (~~cemetaries~~) and at historic/monument sites, but I don't fully understand the significance of this. My first encounter with ''P. lepidotus'' was at a village in Mt. Hagen in January 1993, the home of one of my ~~mos tgracious~~ wantoks, in Papua New Guinea. In his language (Melpa) it is known as Buna and to this day I refer to it the same, (the botanic name is too awkward to use in pidgin conversation). It has played a very important part, historically, in the lives of these Highland people, and the same can be said for other peoples right across the New Guinea Highlands, for ''P. lepidotus'' has a universal use, it is the primary source for bows and spear heads. These were essential tools as far as hunting game and fighting wars was concerned and no self-respecting young man would be without them. These days of course it is much more different, and sadly many young men have lost the skills of their forebears, and do not know how to craft a bow! Whilst it may sound simple enough to do, from what I've seen it is definitely a skill that one must master, consequently there are only one or two 'bikman' (elders) in any one village that still continue this tradition. In the past they would instruct young men, who in their passage to manhood, had to learn this skill to ensure their own survival and acceptance as a warrior. In those days it was considered an important event and great honour was bestowed on those warriors who fought in tribal wars. The entire system of land ownership in the Highlands has evolved from tribal wars and the ~~resuiting~~ dividing up of the 'spoils of war'. In recent years many disputes as to clan property boundaries still stem from grievances dating back to these times and as the population of Highlands people is rapidly increasing, the availability of land is correspondingly decreasing. Only the most foolhardy of persons would throw away their 'bunara' (bow) you can bet most people still have theirs tucked away for safe keeping - just in case !]]		''Ptychococcus lepidotus'' grows only in the Highlands of New Guinea from an altitude range of 1000 metres up to 3000 metres! I have seen it growing in Eastern Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea right across the other Highland Provinces to the western most one, Enga Province. I believe it to occur also in Irian Jaya at corresponding altitudes and after speaking to travellers who have toured the Baliem Valley it seems the native people definitely have a palm like ''P. lepidotus'' in cultivation. It must have a broad range of distribution and in some areas, at lower elevations may overlap with ''P. paradoxus'', based on personal observations in Morobe Province in P.N.G. I would not say ''P. lepidotus'' is abundant in any one area that I've seen, and it is difficult to say whether or not people have been the major cause for its pattern of distribution, but I certainly suspect it so. Only once have I seen it in natural stands of primary forest in Eastern Highlands Province, adjacent to a major highway; the chances of this population staying intact would not be great.
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			For the most part ''P. lepidotus'' has a long history of cultivation and one will often see it in people's gardens or within their village limits. In Western Highlands Province, P.N.G. I've noticed nowadays more and more are planted in 'pies matmat' (cemeteries) and at historic/monument sites, but I don't fully understand the significance of this. My first encounter with ''P. lepidotus'' was at a village in Mt. Hagen in January 1993, the home of one of my most gracious wantoks, in Papua New Guinea. In his language (Melpa) it is known as Buna and to this day I refer to it the same, (the botanic name is too awkward to use in pidgin conversation). It has played a very important part, historically, in the lives of these Highland people, and the same can be said for other peoples right across the New Guinea Highlands, for ''P. lepidotus'' has a universal use, it is the primary source for bows and spear heads. These were essential tools as far as hunting game and fighting wars was concerned and no self-respecting young man would be without them. These days of course it is much more different, and sadly many young men have lost the skills of their forebears, and do not know how to craft a bow! Whilst it may sound simple enough to do, from what I've seen it is definitely a skill that one must master, consequently there are only one or two 'bikman' (elders) in any one village that still continue this tradition. In the past they would instruct young men, who in their passage to manhood, had to learn this skill to ensure their own survival and acceptance as a warrior. In those days it was considered an important event and great honour was bestowed on those warriors who fought in tribal wars. The entire system of land ownership in the Highlands has evolved from tribal wars and the resulting dividing up of the 'spoils of war'. In recent years many disputes as to clan property boundaries still stem from grievances dating back to these times and as the population of Highlands people is rapidly increasing, the availability of land is correspondingly decreasing. Only the most foolhardy of persons would throw away their 'bunara' (bow) you can bet most people still have theirs tucked away for safe keeping - just in case !]]

	===A promising palm from the New Guinea highlands.===		===A promising palm from the New Guinea highlands.===
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	between them. Compare this to ''P. paradoxus'' with an		between them. Compare this to ''P. paradoxus'' with an
	endocarp surface that is dark chocolate in colour, and as		endocarp surface that is dark chocolate in colour, and as
	many black fibres adhering tO it, but importantly the 5-6		many black fibres adhering to it, but importantly the 5-6
	edges of the endocarp are very sharp and they are divided by		edges of the endocarp are very sharp and they are divided by
	deep grooves, giving a much more defined shape. Usually the		deep grooves, giving a much more defined shape. Usually the
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	unscrupulous merchants.		unscrupulous merchants.
	Fresh seed only takes a few weeks to germinate.		Fresh seed only takes a few weeks to germinate.
	Fruits are born on infrafoliar (below the ~~crownshaft~~)		Fruits are born on infrafoliar (below the crown shaft)
	~~infiorescences~~ branched to 3 orders. There are usually 5-6 or		inflorescences branched to 3 orders. There are usually 5-6 or
	more inflorescences in varying stages of development, i.e.		more inflorescences in varying stages of development, i.e.
	flowering and fruiting on any one mature palm! So there is		flowering and fruiting on any one mature palm! So there is
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	smooth without prominent leaf base scars (cicatrices). The		smooth without prominent leaf base scars (cicatrices). The
	outer layer of the stem is very hard, and there are strong		outer layer of the stem is very hard, and there are strong
	black fibres tightly ~~immeshed~~ within. The core of the stem		black fibres tightly enmeshed within. The core of the stem
	base also is profoundly layered with coarse wiry black fibres,		base also is profoundly layered with coarse wiry black fibres,
	making it an exceptionally durable palm and hence is much		making it an exceptionally durable palm and hence is much
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	species and ''P. lepidotus'' seedlings are not robust in		species and ''P. lepidotus'' seedlings are not robust in
	our climate as our coastal conditions are not to the palm's		our climate as our coastal conditions are not to the palm's
	liking. However if you are from the ~~southem~~ parts of		liking. However, if you are from the southern parts of
	Australia the story from here gets much better. I have seen		Australia the story from here gets much better. I have seen
	specimens in cultivation in private collections in Brisbane		specimens in cultivation in private collections in Brisbane
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	conditions could be fatal. I am not aware of any large		conditions could be fatal. I am not aware of any large
	specimens growing in Sydney, and would like to find out.		specimens growing in Sydney, and would like to find out.

	In the Highlands of New Guinea, night temperatures regularly		In the Highlands of New Guinea, night temperatures regularly
	fall to 10 degrees during the dry season, and consistently		fall to 10 degrees during the dry season, and consistently
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	'' Wodyetia bifurcata''		'' Wodyetia bifurcata''
	especially for palm enthusiasts in cooler climates.		especially for palm enthusiasts in cooler climates.
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	[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus02.jpg\|frame\|Figure 4. General habit of P. lepidotus crown (cultivated) in situ, Mt Hagen, ~~Westyern~~ Highlands Province, P.N.G.]]		[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus02.jpg\|frame\|Figure 4. General habit of P. lepidotus crown (cultivated) in situ, Mt Hagen, Western Highlands Province, P.N.G.]]
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	===Contributed by: ===		===Contributed by: ===
	M. D Ferrero.<br/>		M. D Ferrero.<br/>
	David Tanswell (Figure 1 & 2)~~<br/>~~		David Tanswell (Figure 1 & 2) <br/>
	~~&nbsp~~<br/>
	Reproduced from '''''Palms & Cycads''''' No 52-53, Jul-Dec 1996.		Reproduced from '''''Palms & Cycads''''' No 52-53, Jul-Dec 1996.
	~~/table~~


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	[[Category:Ptychococcus\|lepidotus]]		[[Category:Ptychococcus\|lepidotus]]
	[[Category:Palm\|Ptychococcus_lepidotus]]		[[Category:Palm\|Ptychococcus_lepidotus]]

Pacsoa: 1 revision imported

2024-09-03T13:05:22Z

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P>Pacsoa at 23:14, 9 August 2024

2024-08-09T23:14:16Z

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[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus.jpg|frame|Figure 1.]]
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===In from the cold?===
''Ptychococcus lepidotus'' grows only in the Highlands ofNew Guinea from an altitude range of 1000 metres up to 3000 metres! I have seen it growing in Eastern Highlands Province in Papua New Guinea right across the other Highland Provincesto the western most one, Enga Province. I believe it to occur also in Irian Jaya at corresponding altitudes and after speaking to travellers who have toured the Baliem Valley it seems the native people definitely have a palm like ''P. lepidotus'' in cultivation. It must have a broad range of distribution and in some areas, at lower elevations may overlap with ''P. paradoxus'', based on personal observations in Morobe Province in P.N.G. I would not say ''P. lepidotus'' is abundant in any one area that I've seen, and it is difficult to say whether or not people have been the major cause for its pattern of distribution, but I certainly suspect it so. Only once have I seen it in natural stands of primary forest in Eastern Highlands Province, adjacent to a major highway- the chances of this population staying intact would not be great. For the most part ''P. lepidotus'' has a long history of cultivation and one will often see it in people's gardens or within their village limits. In Western Highlands Province, P.N.G. I've noticed nowadays more and more are planted in 'pies matmat' (cemetaries) and at historic/monument sites, but I don't fully understand the significance of this. My first encounter with ''P. lepidotus'' was at a village in Mt. Hagen in January 1993, the home of one of my mos tgracious wantoks, in Papua New Guinea. In his language (Melpa) it is known as Buna and to this day I refer to it the same, (the botanic name is too awkward to use in pidgin conversation). It has played a very important part, historically, in the lives of these Highland people, and the same can be said for other peoples right across the New Guinea Highlands, for ''P. lepidotus'' has a universal use, it is the primary source for bows and spear heads. These were essential tools as far as hunting game and fighting wars was concerned and no self-respecting young man would be without them. These days of course it is much more different, and sadly many young men have lost the skills of their forebears, and do not know how to craft a bow! Whilst it may sound simple enough to do, from what I've seen it is definitely a skill that one must master, consequently there are only one or two 'bikman' (elders) in any one village that still continue this tradition. In the past they would instruct young men, who in their passage to manhood, had to learn this skill to ensure their own survival and acceptance as a warrior. In those days it was considered an important event and great honour was bestowed on those warriors who fought in tribal wars. The entire system of land ownership in the Highlands has evolved from tribal wars and the resuiting dividing up of the 'spoils of war'. In recent years many disputes as to clan property boundaries still stem from grievances dating back to these times and as the population of Highlands people is rapidly increasing, the availability of land is correspondingly decreasing. Only the most foolhardy of persons would throw away their 'bunara' (bow) you can bet most people still have theirs tucked away for safe keeping - just in case !]]

===A promising palm from the New Guinea highlands.===
''Ptychococcus lepidotus'' was only formally described in
1965 by one of the foremost students of palm taxonomy in
recent history, Harold E Moore Jr. He had collected material
in an earlier expedition to Eastern Papua New Guinea in 1964.
Then, as now, he had scant ''Ptychococcus'' specimens to
refer to from the major Herbaria, but he recognised it as
separate, after having checked through the list of described
species. The specific epithet 'lepidotus' refers to the
prominent brown scales that coat both the male and female
flower petals, a trait which he believed particular to the
species. Rest assured though, there are a lot of other
features that can easily distinguish it with the other
species like ''P. paradoxus'' or ''P. elatus'' (which
is a synonym) in common cultivation.

The fruits of ''P. lepidotus'' are ovoid, 3-5 cms long
and 3cms in diameter, when ripe the skin is a bright orange,
and the succulent/fibrous yellow mesocarp exudes a strong
spicy/musty odour, which I think is a particular character of
this species. The endocarp is ornate, winged and lignified and
tapers to a point. It is a unique palm seed form only known
in ''Ptychococcus spp''. from New Guinea and Solomon
Islands. The surface of the endocarp is quite smooth,
tawny/tan in colour with many strong black fibres that adhere
to and are embedded throughout it. The wall of the endocarp
appears very thick and woody, deeply intruding and folding
into the endosperm, this aspect can be really appreciated
when seeing the seed in cross section. There are 7-8 raised
edges or 'wings', one of which is prominent and can be
likened to a keel. They are however not clearly
distinguishable from a glance because of the shallow grooves
between them. Compare this to ''P. paradoxus'' with an
endocarp surface that is dark chocolate in colour, and as
many black fibres adhering tO it, but importantly the 5-6
edges of the endocarp are very sharp and they are divided by
deep grooves, giving a much more defined shape. Usually the
wall of the endocarp is not thick and does not intrude or
fold into the endosperm to the degree of the former species.

The seed of ''Ptychococcus lepidotus'' has a 'winged'
shape that matches the endocarp, the endosperm is ruminate.
All of these seed features are particularly useful to know,
as I have seen many instances where ''P. paradoxus'' seed
is regularly passed off as ''P. lepidotus'', by
unscrupulous merchants.
Fresh seed only takes a few weeks to germinate.
Fruits are born on infrafoliar (below the crownshaft)
infiorescences branched to 3 orders. There are usually 5-6 or
more inflorescences in varying stages of development, i.e.
flowering and fruiting on any one mature palm! So there is
never a real shortage of seeds at any time during the year.
The first leaf (eophyll) is bifid, with jagged apices. The
leaf surface is shiny, almost polished dark green, quite
unlike the matt green of ''P. paradoxus''. A white/cream
line surrounds the mid rib and is prominent on seedling
leaves, later the colour fades once mature leaves are
produced.

The palms appearance is of a standard form, the stem base is
approximately 30 cm diameter, usually smaller, the trunk is
smooth without prominent leaf base scars (cicatrices). The
outer layer of the stem is very hard, and there are strong
black fibres tightly immeshed within. The core of the stem
base also is profoundly layered with coarse wiry black fibres,
making it an exceptionally durable palm and hence is much
utilised by native New Guineans. Usually the stem of the palm
is cut 2 to 3 metres above the base, the outer layer of stem
is then hewn off the core and is then cut into 2 metre strips
which are then painstakingly carved to make bows, other
off-cuts are used for arrow heads. The stems may reach up to
10 metres. This palm generally grows in an exposed situation,
and is obviously tolerant to cultivation. It grows best in
free draining soil and seedlings will establish in full sun.
The crown of the palm is profuse with fronds, usually
numbering 12 or more. They are held in an erect plane,
although the rachis twists the fronds in a peculiar fashion
such that they appear dishevelled! The pinnae are 50-65 cms
long, and 2-4 cms wide, they are arranged in alternate order
along the rachis. They have praemorse tips, as if tom or
bitten off and are a dark glossy green with coriaceous
texture. The fronds are about 2.5- 3 metres long and are not
retained by the palm. There are concentrations of thick brown
scales that cover the leaf base, petiole and rachis. This is
a distinctive character and useful when observing it in the
field. ''P. paradoxus'' by comparison, lacks this kind of
indument.

Frequently large tussocks of moss cling to the palm's stem
and crown at higher altitudes, providing an ideal perch for
orchids, which only are noticeable when in flower.
Here at Flecker Botanic Gardens in Cairns we cultivate both
species and ''P. lepidotus'' seedlings are not robust in
our climate as our coastal conditions are not to the palm's
liking. However if you are from the southem parts of
Australia the story from here gets much better. I have seen
specimens in cultivation in private collections in Brisbane
and in Mt. Coot-tha Botanic Gardens and they are fantastic.
The subtropical climate, I feel, is perfect for them, and I
would guess that temperate climates further south would still
be able to accommodate them, however frosty to freezing
conditions could be fatal. I am not aware of any large
specimens growing in Sydney, and would like to find out.
In the Highlands of New Guinea, night temperatures regularly
fall to 10 degrees during the dry season, and consistently
throughout the rest of the year there is always a distinct
drop in temperature from the daytime to night-time.
This palm species has adapted to live with such vicissitudes
of temperature thus from a horticultural perspective I would
say there is a good chance this species will thrive in all
zones where subtropical palms are cultivated. I have reports
that this species is doing very well in places like Israel
and in North America, at the seedling stage (C. York -
pers. comm.). Beyond this I cannot predict how well it may
grow outdoors. Sufficient interest has been shown around the
globe to trial ''Ptychococcus lepidotus'', and in years to
come we all will know a lot more as to its horticultural
requirements. I see it as a realistic alternative to the much
publicised Foxtail Palm,
'' Wodyetia bifurcata''
especially for palm enthusiasts in cooler climates.
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[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus01.jpg|frame|Figure 2. A group of ''Ptychococcus lepidotus'' cultivated for the trunks for timber, bows and spears at Mini, Western Highlands Province P.N.G.]]
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[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus03.jpg|frame|Figure 3. Seedling]]
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[[File:Ptychococcus_lepidotus02.jpg|frame|Figure 4. General habit of P. lepidotus crown (cultivated) in situ, Mt Hagen, Westyern Highlands Province, P.N.G.]]
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</div>

===Contributed by: ===
M. D Ferrero.<br/>
David Tanswell (Figure 1 & 2)<br/>
&nbsp<br/>
Reproduced from '''''Palms & Cycads''''' No 52-53, Jul-Dec 1996.
/table

===External Links:===
[https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Ptychococcus%20lepidotus Kew],
[https://www.palmweb.org//?q=cdm_dataportal/taxon/bfc3bacc-189e-42a1-aa66-c0ff376e2cce PalmWeb],
[https://e-monocot.org/taxon/urn:kew.org:wcs:taxon:170762 eMonocot],
[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Ptychococcus+lepidotus JSTOR],
[https://www.trebrown.com/plant_info.php?species=Ptychococcus+lepidotus Trebrown]
</p>
[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Ptychococcus+lepidotus%22&num=10&sa=Google+Search Google],
[https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Ptychococcus+lepidotus%22&hl=en&btnG=Google+Search GoogleImages],
[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Ptychococcus+lepidotus Flickr],
[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Ptychococcus+lepidotus%22%20site:https://www.palmtalk.org/&sa=Google+Search PalmTalk]
<p>
[[Category:Ptychococcus|lepidotus]]
[[Category:Palm|Ptychococcus_lepidotus]]