Editing Macrozamia concinna

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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna.jpg|frame|Figure 1. ''M. concinna'' in habitat.]]
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===Introduction:===
''Macrozamia concinna'' is a small (Section ''Parazamia'') cycad that is endemic to New South Wales. It has a subterranean caudex and spirally twisted rhachises.

===History:===
''M. concinna'' was described and named in 1998 by David Jones, when it was recognised as a separate and distinct species. It had previously been identified under the ''M. pauli-guilielmi'' umbrella as a sub-species (''M. pauli-guilielmi'' ssp. plurinervia). It was named after its neat and trim appearance.

===Distribution Range: ===
The distribution range for ''M. concinna'' extends from the Upper Hunter Valley north to the Nundle/Hanging Rock region.

===Habitat Conditions: ===
''M. concinna'' usually grows on steep hillsides and slopes at high altitudes, ranging from 800 to 1,200 m. It normally grows under a eucalypt canopy, with a medium to dense under-storey. It can be found growing near Hanging Rock, at an elevation of approximately 900 m.
 
===Climatic Data: ===
As there is no Bureau of Meteorology Weather Station in the Nundle/ Hanging Rock area, climatic data for nearby Murrurundi (elevation 466 m), located about 40 km south-west elevation of Nundle, has been used for comparison purposes.
Murrurundi has an annual average rainfall of 830 mm (spread over 87 rain days) with
the temperature exceeding 35&#176;C on an average of 4 days during the month of January
and falling below 0&#176;C on an average of 13 days during the month of July.
In 2006 the highest temperature recorded was 40.7&#176;C and the lowest temperature recorded
was -6.5&#176;C.
At Hanging Rock, frosts occur frequently, and heavy snowfalls occur occasionally, during winter.
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===Comment: ===
In 1990 we escorted Dr Piet Vorster (past-President of the Cycad Society of South Africa) on a trip around New South Wales to look at various cycads. During the trip Dr Vorster photographed several ''M. concinna'' plants
(then known as ''M. pauli-guilielmi'' ssp. plurinervia) that were either partially or almost completely covered in snow (see Figures 11-14 below).
Some of Dr Vorster"s photographs have recently featured in articles published about
''M. concinna''.

===Principal Characteristics: ===
The principal characteristics of ''M. concinna'' are:

</li><li>erect, sometimes spreading, fronds, with the rhachises usually turning through multiple spiral twists.
</li><li>mid to darkish green coloured fronds
</li><li>pinnae that extend from the rhachis in a 360 degree spread
</li><li>reddish or creamy-yellowish callouses where the pinnae meet the rhachis
</li><li>seeds with reddish coloured flesh.
<br/> 

===Fronds: ===
Plants normally have up between 1 and 5 fronds. Plants with 1 or 2 fronds are not uncommon.

===Pinnae: ===
In similar manner to other species with multi-twisted rhachises, the pinnae on
''M. concinna'' fronds appear to extend radially from the rhachis (like the branches of a tree)
but, in fact, the rhachis itself spirally twists through a number of complete 360 degree revolutions.
The pinnae extend more or less laterally from the rhachis, with the apical pinnae extending at a more acute angle.
The number of complete twists of the rhachis can vary from a single twist to multiple twists. Occasionally, some fronds do not twist at all.

===Cones: ===
Cones on female plants are usually solitary. Male plants can have 1-2 cones.
Coning occurs on an irregular basis,
 
===Hybrids: ===
''M. concinna'' is geographically isolated from other cycad species and hybrids are non-existent.

===Affinities: ===
''M. concinna'' is related in varying degrees
to each of the other three New South Wales cycads with multi-twisted rhachises
(''M. fawcettii'', ''M. flexuosa'' and ''M. plurinervia'').
It has a close relationship to the larger ''M. plurinervia'', (from which it was segregated)
but is more akin in size and general characteristics to ''M. flexuosa''.

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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna02.jpg|frame|Figure 2. ''M. concinna'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna03.jpg|frame|Figure 3. ''M. concinna'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna04.jpg|frame|Figure 4. ''M. concinna'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna08.jpg|frame|Figure 5. ''M. concinna'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna05.jpg|frame|Figure 6. ''M. concinna'']]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna06.jpg|frame|Figure 7. ''M. concinna''.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna07.jpg|frame|Figure 8. ''M. concinna''.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna09.jpg|frame|Figure 9. Looking down on ''M. concinna''.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna10.jpg|frame|Figure 10. ''M. concinna''.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna11.jpg|frame|Figure 11. ''M. concinna'' in habitat.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna13.jpg|frame|Figure 12. ''M. concinna''.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna14.jpg|frame|Figure 13. ''M. concinna''.]]
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[[File:Macrozamia_concinna12.jpg|frame|Figure 14. ''M. concinna''.]]
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===Contributed by: ===
Paul Kennedy and Craig Thompson (Text and Figures 1-10)<br/>
Piet Vorster (Figures 11-14)<br/>


===External Links:===
[https://www.cycadlist.org/taxon.php?Taxon_ID=377 World List], 
[https://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/41998/0 IUCN],
[https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=Macrozamia+concinna JSTOR],
[https://www.trebrown.com/plant_info.php?species=Macrozamia+concinna Trebrown]
</p>
[https://www.google.com/search?q=%22Macrozamia+concinna%22&amp;num=10&amp;sa=Google+Search Google],
[https://images.google.com/images?q=%22Macrozamia+concinna%22&amp;hl=en&amp;btnG=Google+Search GoogleImages],
[https://www.flickr.com/search/?q=Macrozamia+concinna Flickr],
<p>
[[Category:Macrozamia|concinna]]
[[Category:Cycad|Macrozamia_concinna]]